Polytheism

Polytheism is from the Greek poly (many) and theos (god)[1]. The English term was coined to name belief in or worship involving multiple divine beings. The term has historically carried polemic weight in monotheistic discourse, often functioning as a contrast to monotheism rather than as a neutral description of what polytheistic traditions actually do[2].

the term can describe a pattern, but it does not erase philosophical sophistication or hierarchy among deities.

Many religious traditions are classed as polytheistic, though the category often fits them imperfectly[2]. Ancient Greek and Roman religion, Norse religion, Egyptian religion, and many other pre-modern Mediterranean and European traditions involved organized pantheons of named deities with distinct domains and stories[3]. Some Indigenous traditions and African Diaspora religions are also classed as polytheistic.

Hindu tradition is often called polytheistic but the description fits imperfectly. Many Hindu traditions hold that the multiple deities are forms or aspects of one underlying reality (Brahman, or a particular supreme deity in different theological schools), making inclusive monotheism or qualified non-dualism more accurate[4]. The bare label polytheism misses theological complexity.

Polytheistic traditions typically organize their pantheons in coherent ways[3]. Hierarchies often exist (a chief god, with subordinate deities). Specific deities preside over specific domains (war, fertility, sea, harvest). Some deities are local, others universal in scope. The relationship between deities and humans varies: some deities are personal, intervening in human affairs; some are more distant; some embody natural forces.

Contemporary polytheistic practice continues in various forms. Hellenic reconstructionism, modern Norse paganism (Heathenry), Wicca and other neopagan traditions, contemporary Indigenous practice, and various devotional traditions all maintain polytheistic frameworks. Hindu polytheistic devotion in its complex sense continues as a major living tradition.

Polytheism studies has often had to work against the polemical residue of monotheistic critique[2]. Walter Burkert's Greek Religion[3], the writings of J. Z. Smith on comparative religion, and many specific studies of pre-modern and contemporary polytheistic traditions have built more careful accounts. The category itself is being refined to capture what these traditions actually do.

• Greek Religionby Walter Burkert
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• The Hindus: An Alternative Historyby Wendy Doniger
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